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Title: Radical Enlightenment: Philosophy and the Making of Modernity 1650-1750 by Jonathan I. Israel ISBN: 0-19-925456-7 Publisher: Oxford University Press Pub. Date: 01 August, 2002 Format: Paperback Volumes: 1 List Price(USD): $27.50 |
Average Customer Rating: 4.62 (8 reviews)
Rating: 3
Summary: Good survey
Comment: It's a good book if you want to have an overview of the general philosophical and cultural atmosphere of the time.
Rating: 5
Summary: Decent five stars, but not six or seven
Comment: A good overview of early enlightenment intellectual culture. Unfortunately, the first book it made me think of was Paul Hazard's The European Mind (an seven star book, if ever there was one), which it clearly sets it self up as a successor to, and while it is a more than honorable effort, it is not a book on that scale. Maybe that is unfair: Hazard is on my list of 10 best of all time, and anyway an academic would not be allowed to write a like Hazard these days, but nevertheless, Israel does not bring Spinoza or his buddies alive , never mind make me wish I could invite them to dinner, in the same way that Hazard does with Pierre Bayle, and that is a flaw.
On the other hand, I have learned from Israel that things never change: the sort of rants you encounter in the New Criterion on Derrida, Rorty, et al., are uncannily like the sorts of rants that Israel records being directed against Spinoza, and that lesson is more than enough to justify five stars.
Minor - and slightly disturbing - production quibble: for a book by OUP, the text is badly proofed. I do not mean that it is littered with gramatical errors, but it was the first time I have read an OUP book where I regularly stumbled over badly constructed sentences. Or is it just Israel's style?
Finally, why isn't Paul Hazard's 'The European Mind' in print in English?
Rating: 5
Summary: Spinoza, Enlightenment, and the Love of Learning
Comment: Jonathan Israel has written an erudite, extensive, and inspiring study on a seminal moment in Western thought, commonly known as the Age of Enlightenment.In short, the Enlightenment marks a change from a thought and society that was theologically focused to thought and society that were secular and scientific in character. This period and this transition has been much studied, but Israel has many new insights to offer. In addition, he writes a book filled with wonderful detail, with rare thinkers and books that make the reader yearn to learn more. It is an enlightening experience in itself to read this book.
The book begins with the philosophy of Descartes which is widely regarded as overthrowing the philosophy of scholasticism and initiating the modern period. Descartes developed a dualism with a mechanistic philosophy of nature and a spiritual philosophy of mind. It was the first of many attempts to reconcile theology with the newly developed scientific outlook.
But the focus of Professor Israel's study is on Spinoza (1632-1677.) Spinoza rejected Cartesian dualism and developed his philosophy equating God and Nature. He rejected a transcendental God, providence, miracles, revelation, and transcendental bases for human ethics. Spinoza developed his ideas in his Ethics while in his earlier and almost equally important Theological-Political Treatise, Spinoza developed the basis for modern Bible criticism.
Professor Israel argues that Spinoza's thought constitutes the basis for what he terms "radical enlightmentment", which rejected theology and revealed religion in favor of a philosophy of mechanism and determinism. Radical enlightenment proved to be a potent weapon in rejecting the divine right of kings and other forms of privilege, in promoting democracy and the rights of women, in encouraging free speech and free thought, and in allowing people to pursue happiness, in particular sexual fulfillment, in this world without fear of hells and punishments in the next world. Spinoza influenced many scholars and thinkers and also, Israel points out, had substantial influence on unlettered people of his time.
Professor Israel contrasts the Radical Enlightenment emanating from Spinoza with "moderate enlightenment". Moderate enlightenment sought, as I indicated above, to reconcile mechanism and science with traditional religious faith, to the extent possible. Professor Israel identifies three separate strains of moderate enlightenment: Cartesianism, the monadic philosophy of Leibniz and Wolff, and the deism and empiricism of Locke and Newton. Most of the book is about Radical Enlightenment and its impact and about the interplay between Radical Enlightenment on the one hand and Moderate Enlightenment and traditionalism on the other hand.
The book includes a good basic exposition of the thought of Spinoza. (The exposition of Descartes thought and of the teachings of scholasticism is less thorough.) The major theme of the book is that Spinoza's ideas were not simply those of an isolated recluse; rather, his ideas became widely known and disseminated even during his lifetime, and became the basis for much of the secular, modern thought and life we have today.
Israel discusses a plethora of sources, some well-known some highly obscure in which various thinkers from throughout Europe (another theme of Israel's book is that Enlightenment was European in character and shared essentially the same features in all European countries) adopted and promulgated Spinozistic doctrines. The books and individuals are fascinating, as are the conflicts many of them encountered with civil and religous authorities. He discusses how many writers had to try to present their teachings covertly (i.e. by appearing to criticize Spinozism while in fact advocating it.) in order to attempt to avoid conflict. There are also extended treatments of Leibniz and Locke and their interactions with Radical Enlightenment.
For the most part, Professor Israel avoids explicit comment on the philosophical merits of the many ideas and thinkers he explores. The reader is left to think through the issues on the basis of his descriptions and from the words of the thinkers themselves. It is a fascinating study.
I have long been a student of Spinoza and came away from this book awed by the wealth of learning displayed in this book and by the scope and influence of Radical Enlightenment in the years following Spinoza's death. Philosophically, I came away from this book with a new appreciation of the virtues of Western secularism and with a renewed understanding of the dear price that has been paid for the intellectual liberation of the mind and heart. It is a journey that every person must undertake for him or herself, and many people may reach results that differ from those reached during the age of Radical Enlightenment. Spinoza's goal (shared with the religious thinkers whom he rejected) was to find the path to human blessedness, enlightenment, and happiness by freeing the mind. I got a good sense of the value of this search through reading this masterful book.
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Title: The Creation of the Modern World: The Untold Story of the British Enlightenment by Roy Porter ISBN: 0393322688 Publisher: W.W. Norton & Company Pub. Date: November, 2001 List Price(USD): $17.95 |
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Title: The Enlightenment: The Rise of Modern Paganism by Peter Gay ISBN: 0393313026 Publisher: W. W. Norton & Company Pub. Date: 01 September, 1995 List Price(USD): $19.95 |
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Title: The Enlightenment: An Interpretation : The Science of Freedom by Peter Gay ISBN: 0393313662 Publisher: W. W. Norton & Company Pub. Date: 01 January, 1996 List Price(USD): $19.95 |
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Title: Enemies of the Enlightenment: The French Counter-Enlightenment and the Making of Modernity by Darrin M. McMahon ISBN: 0195158938 Publisher: Oxford University Press Pub. Date: 01 September, 2002 List Price(USD): $21.00 |
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Title: Medieval Foundations of the Western Intellectual Tradition, 400-1400 (Intellectual History of the West) by Marcia L. Colish ISBN: 0300078528 Publisher: Yale University Press Pub. Date: 01 March, 1999 List Price(USD): $19.95 |
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