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Title: On Ethics and Economics by Amartya Sen ISBN: 0-631-16401-4 Publisher: Blackwell Publishers Pub. Date: March, 1989 Format: Paperback Volumes: 1 List Price(USD): $38.95 |
Average Customer Rating: 4.5 (2 reviews)
Rating: 4
Summary: Can a thermometer cure the illness?
Comment: Amartya Sen makes a number of specific criticisms of utilitarianism which are his own. The most significant of these is the criticism of âutilityâ as a measure of well-being. He rightly points out that âfunctioningâ is a more rational measure of well-being than opulence â" command over a mass of commodities, or utility â" the value of desired objects. People can use things they command, whether purchased or enjoyed by nature, in order to achieve a level of functionality in life, but the level of functionality achieved is dependent on numerous factors over and above the things used. A landless peasant may be very âhappyâ at getting a pile of straw to sleep on for the night, and may have no âdesireâ for crepes suzette, but neither fact contributes anything to a measure of their well-being. Functionality, however, is amenable to perfectly objective measurement: life expectancy, freedom from illness, level of education, freedom, access to love ones, etc.. Measurement of expenditure on food, medicines, educational services, transport etc., indicates only the effort taken under given conditions to achieve a level of functionality, but this may be as much inversely related to the degree of functionality achieved as directly related. The more a person is subject to crime, the more they spend on crime prevention, the more unhealthy a person is, the more they spend on medicine. Public policy can therefore only measure its own success by the summation of functionality or capability.
On top of this, Sen points out that even the level of functionality achieved is not a proper measure; in the first place, someone may not want to achieve a certain functionality, and in the second place, such a capability (such as the ability to do violence to other people) may not be morally valued by the community as a whole. Therefore, the more ephemeral capability is the true measure of well-being, rather than achieved functionality.
Utilitarianism is a justification for free-market capitalism. The phenomena described in the dot points above are all too familiar phenomena of the action of the free market. They are not just âanomaliesâ for utilitarianism, they are its unambiguous expression. The point of utilitatarianism is simply to prove that all these abominations are âthe best of all possible worldsâ ridiculed three hundred years ago by Voltaire.
It is clear enough that utilitarian ethics is simply a justification for free-market economics which has the superficial appearance of intuitive validity. So there is value in criticising utilitarianism, in exposing its fraudulent character, and in trying to produce an alternative measure of the goodness of a state of affairs. Such a measure could be used to legitimise public policy which is not aimed just at maximising the accumulation of capital.
âGreen economicsâ has had a similar aim, to encourage governments to keep statistics on values which are external to the economy (such as forests and rivers, clean air and so on) so that the government has available a measure of its success or failure, alternative to the calculation of GDP.
The great advantage of utilitarianism in its most naïve and primitive form, is that it fairly well captures the real ethic of capitalism. That is, it is very poor ethics, but reasonably good economics. (I say âreasonably goodâ because of course no real person ever acts as the narrowly self-interested infinitely well-informed computer which utilitarian economic assumes them to be.) The definition of the free economic agent which constitutes the definition of the person for utilitarianism is the basis for the exchange of commodities at their value, and constitutes the ideal condition for the accumulation of capital.
Sen raises the deeper question raised by the critique of utilitarianism as public policy, as to what, if any, justification is there for presuming that in a community there is any agent having the legitimacy to choose one state of affairs over another and determine public policy accordingly, at all. Or, more specifically, where such legitimacy may lie. To construct a theory of capability-utilitarianism still supposes that the agency which collects the data on capability and enforces laws aimed at maximising it has the legitimacy to do so.
And incidentally, the project also raises the question of the capability to do so.
Utilitarianism in its naïve form was nothing but an apology for the naked rule of capital, whose function is to advise governments to let the market do its work without interference, to justify self-seeking by âprovingâ that the greatest good for the greatest number is achieved by unfettered individualistic self-seeking. As a guide to public policy therefore it was simply an advice to do as little as possible, within the limits imposed by avoiding or suppressing riot, revolution and war.
Once we say that, actually, the market does not produce the greatest well-being for the greatest number, or any version of social justice at all, then the provision of a measuring scale is a fairly marginal contribution to doing something about the problem.
On the one hand we have an economic system, capitalism, based on the free exchange of commodities at their value, whose outcome is the concentration of economic and therefore political power in the hands of a few, and on the other hand a state and governmental machine which aims to measure and regulate this economy. Perhaps being in possession of a sound critique of utilitarian ethics makes it easy to interfere in the market with a good conscience, but we are still a long way short of an ethic which can implement a general improvement of living capabilities.
The thermometer can tell the doctor when you have a fever, can cannot cure the illness. Most people donât need a thermometer to know when they have a fever.
Rating: 5
Summary: ethic
Comment: ethi
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Title: Development As Freedom by Amartya Sen ISBN: 0385720270 Publisher: Anchor Pub. Date: 15 August, 2000 List Price(USD): $15.00 |
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Title: Inequality Reexamined by Amartya Sen ISBN: 0674452569 Publisher: Harvard Univ Pr Pub. Date: April, 1995 List Price(USD): $17.95 |
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Title: Globalization and Its Discontents by Joseph E. Stiglitz ISBN: 0393051242 Publisher: W.W. Norton & Company Pub. Date: June, 2002 List Price(USD): $24.95 |
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Title: On Economic Inequality by Amartya Sen, James E. Foster ISBN: 0198281935 Publisher: Clarendon Pr Pub. Date: February, 1997 List Price(USD): $29.95 |
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Title: Choice, Welfare and Measurement by Amartya Kumar Sen ISBN: 0674127781 Publisher: Harvard Univ Pr Pub. Date: September, 1997 List Price(USD): $23.50 |
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